الأفعال بكل أشكالها ..

الافـعــال




افعال اصلية




افعال ناقصه




افعال مساعدة




الافعال المساعدة
كيف تعرف الفعل المساعد؟
لا تستطيع ان تنفى الجمله او تحولها الى سؤال الا به - غالبا ياتى بعده فاعل- يحدد شكل وتكوين الزمن.
اقسام الافعال المساعدة





§ Be + Ving لانشاء التكوين المستمر
Ø Be (مضارع مستمر) ð He is washing his hair.
Ø Be (ماض مستمر) ð they were going to work.
Ø Be (مضارع تام مستمر) ð I've been learning English for two years.
Ø Be (مصدر مستمر) ð I'd like to be lying on the beach right now.
§ Be + P.P يستخدم مع المبنى للمجهول
Ø Be (المبنى للمجهول مضارع بسيط) ð Paper is made from wood.
Ø Be (المبنى للمجهول ماض بسيط) ð My car was stolen yesterday.
Ø Be (المبنى للمجهول مضارع تام) ð The house has been redecorated.
Ø Be (المبنى للمجهول مع المصدر) ð The homework needs to be done tonight.
§ Have + P.P لعمل التكوين التام
Ø Have (مضارع تام) ð He has worked in seven different countries.
Ø Have (ماض تام) ð she was crying because she had had some bad news.
Ø Have (التام والمصدر) ð I'd like to have met Napoleons.
ويلاحظ ان التام يعنى ( قبل ) لذلك المضارع التام يعنى ( قبل الان ) والماضى التام يعنى ( قبل وقت بالماضى ) فانتبه.
نفى الافعال المساعدة
نضع not بعد الفعل المساعد ...

He's working ð he isn't working
ولاحظ انك لا تستطيع ان تقول I amn't working بل لابد I'm not working ويمكنك ان تقول

We aren't going to school now.
الاستفهام بالفعل المساعد
اولا: الاستفهام باداه استفهام ؟

Ø She's wearing veil ð what is she wearing?
ويلاحظ انه من غير المعتاد ان نسال بـ do / does / did عند السؤال عن الفاعل مع who – what

Ø Who wants an Ice-cream?
Ø What happened to your eye?
Ø Who broke the window?
اما اذا سالنا عن مفعول به نضع الفعل المساعد

Ø What flavor ice-cream do you want?
Ø What did you do to you eye?
Ø How did you break the windows?
ثانيا: السؤال المزيل ؟ اليس كذلك ...

Ø It's a lovely day, isn't it?
Ø You've never tried curry, have you?
Ø You love learning English, don't you?
ثالثا: الاستفهام بهل ؟
ودائما تكون الاجابه قصيرة بنعم او لا وبعد الاجابه القصيرة نكرر الفعل المساعد اذا وجد واذا لم يوجد نضع verb to do



Ø Are you coming with us? Yes, I'm
Ø Have you had breakfast?
No, I haven't.
Ø It is a lovely day! Yes, it is, isn't it?
Ø Did you go out last night? Yes, we did.
Ø Can you cook? Yes, I can



رابعاً: السؤال القصير
هناك نوع من الاستفهام بالافعال المساعده يسمى اللسؤال الفصير غالبا نستخدمه للرد على شئ ما يقوله شخص ما وذلك للتعبير عن الاهتمام او القلق او اى شغور عاطفى

Ø I've bought you a present ð have you? Thank you.
Ø I love classical music. ð do you? I can't stand it.
Ø David's going to Berlin. ð is he? How interesting.
الافعال المساعده والتوكيد
فى العاده يكون الفعل المساعد مختفى فى زمن المضارع البسيط او الماضى البسيط فاذا اظهرناه يكون الغرض هنا التوكيد ( توكيد معنوى )

Ø The house is so tidy! You have been working hard.
Ø Mmm! That was delicious. I do like your cooking.
Ø Why didn't you ring me last night? I did ring but you were out
Ø It's time you cleaned your room. I have cleaned my room.
الفرق بين have و have got
اولا: have تاتى بمعناها كفعل اصلى ويمكن ان تاتى كفعل مساعد اما have got فعل مساعد فقط

Ø I have three sisters
Ø I have got three sisters
Ø Do fish have lungs? Have fish got lungs?
Ø Yes, they do yes, they have
ثانيا: كلاً منهما له نفس المعنى الا ان have got غير رسميه
ثالثا: لا تستطيع استخدام have got للتحدث عن العادة.

Ø I've got a meeting this afternoon
Ø I always have meeting on Monday afternoon. عادة
رابعاً: فى الماضى نستخدم have فقط مع did وليس have got

Ø I had a headache yesterday
Ø Did you have any pets as a child?
Ø I didn't have any money when I was a studied.
الافعال الناقصه


وهى can- could- may- might- must- will- would- shall- should- ought

وسموا بالافعال الناقصه والمساعده لانها تساعد الافعال الاخرى ولان الفعل الناقص له تصريفان فقط

Ø I can swim Ø do you think I should go?
التكوين
1- لايضاف لها s مع he- she- it

Ø She can ski Ø he must be tired – it might rain
2- اذا لم تحتوى الجمله على verb to do لاتستطيع تكوين السؤال بدون الفعل الناقص

ØShall we go for a walk? ØCan I help you? ØWhat should I do?
3- وكذلك اذا لم يوجد verb to do فى الجمله لا تستطيع نفيها بدون الفعل الناقص

ØHe can't dance
4- هم متبعون بفعل فى المصدر بدون to والاستثناء الوحيد هو ought to

ØYou must go Ø I'll help you Ø you ought to see a doctor.
5- الافعال الناقصه لا تكون عادتا فى التكوين الماضى بل هناك تعبيرات اخرى بدلا منها

Ø I had to work hard at school
بينما could تستخدم فى الماضى فى بعض الحالات وقارن بين الجملتين التاليتين:

Ø I could swim when I was six = قدرة
Ø The prisoner was able to escape by climbing onto the roof قدرة (Not could escape)
الافعال الناقصه ليس لها مصدر ولا يضاف لها ing بل تستخدم تعبيرات اخرى بدلا منها
Ø I'd love to be able to ski
Ø I hate having to get up on cold, winter morning.
6- يمكن ان يستخدموا مع التصريف الثالث للدلاله على الماضى.

You should have told me that you can't swim. You might have drowned.
الاستخدام
1- كل فعل ناقص له على الاقل معنيين

Must Ü I must post this letter الزام (obligation)
Ü You must be tired (probability – deduction) استنتاج او احتمالية
Could Ü could you help me? طلب
Ü We could go to Spain for our holidays (possibility امكانيه)
May Ü May I go home now? (Permission اذن)
Ü Where's Anna? I'm not sure; she may be at work (possibilityامكانيه)

2- الافعال الناقصه تعبر عن اتجاهاتنا وارائنا واحكامنا على الاحداث

Who's that knocking on the door?
Ø It's John هذه حقيقه
Ø It's could/ may/ might/ must/ should/ can't/ 'll be Jone هذه تعبرعن اتجاهات واراء
الافعال الناقصه تستخدم للتعبير عن


Expressing obligation التعبير عن الالزام

كل من have to – must – should تستخدم للتعبير عن الالزام

Ø I have to work hard – he has to work hard
Ø Do you have to work hard?
Ø She doesn't have to work hard – we don't have to work hard.
Ø You must do that!
Ø They shouldn't do that!
ويلاحظ الاتى :
§ يمكن أن تقول must I …? ولكن التكوين بـ have to اكثر شيوعا كالاتى :
Do I have to do what you say? Or can I do what I want?
§ يمكن ايضا أن تقول should I /he / she ولكننا نستخدم غالبا do you think …?
Should I try to eat? – do you think I should see a doctor?
§ يلاحظ أن have to يمكن أن تاتى مع عده تكوينات بخلاف must
فى الماضى : I had to work until midnight last night.
فى المستقبل : you'll have to study hard when you go to university.
الاستخدام :
1- كلا من must و have to تعبر عن الزام قوى ...




Have to


تعبر عن الزام عام يعتمد على قانون أو قاعده أو يعتمد على سلطه أو شخص اخر


Ø I can't play tennis tomorrow; I have to go to the dentist. انا عندى موعد



Ø Children have to go to school until they are sixteen. قانون



Ø Mum says you have to tidy your room before you go out.
امر الام


Must




تعبر عن الزام فى راى المتحدث فهو الزام شخصى





Ø I must get my hair cut هذا انا احدث نفسى



Ø You must do this homework carefully


مدرس يتحدث الى تلميذ
وغالبا تكون فى الاسلوب الرسمى فى الكتابه


Ø Candidates must be write in ink and answer four questions تعليمات فى ورقه اسئله


ويلاحظ انه يمكن أن يكونا بنفس المعنى كالاتى :


I must be home by midnight – I have to be home by midnight.


ولكن have to تستخدم غالباً اكثر من must ولو انك غير متاكد ايهما تستخدم فاختر have to .


2- انتبه .. النفى بين mustn't وبين don't have to مختلف كليا فى المعنى ...



mustn't






من الضرورى جدا ومهم ان لا تفعل شئ ما








don't have to






فلا تفعل ولكن يمكنك أن تفعل اى ليس من الضرورى أن تفعل ولكن اذا اردت أن تفعل فافعل .





Ø You mustn't steal other people's things. It's wrong.
Ø You mustn't drive if you've been drinking. You could kill someone.
Ø Some people iron their socks, but you don't have to. I think it's a waste of time
Ø When you go into a shop you don't have to buy something, you can just look.

3- استخدام have got شائع ايضا فى الانجليزى البريطانى لكنه فى الاسلوب الغير رسمى بخلاف have to ومثال ذلك : Ø I've got to go now. See you!

Ø Don't go to bed late. We've got to get up early tomorrow
4- كلا من should و ought to تعبر عن الزام معتدل أو نصيحه فكلاهما يعبر عن راى المتحدث أو هو افضل شئ يمكن فعله

Ø You're always asking me for money. I think you should spend less
Ø You ought to be more careful with your money
Ø You shouldn't sit so close to the television it's bad for your eyes.



Expressing permission الاذن

كلامن can و may تعبر عن الاذن وتعتبر can غير رسميه وعادتا فى التحدث

Ø You can borrow my bike. Hut you can't have the car. I need it.
Ø May we smoke in here?
Ø You can't come in here with those muddy shoes?
Ø You are allowed to get married when you're sixteen.
Ø Are we allowed to use a dictionary for this test?



Making requests عمل طلب

هناك عده طرق لعمل طلب فى الانجليزيه ...




Ø Can/could you help me, please?
Ø Will/would you pass the salt, please?
Ø Would you mind helping me, please?
Ø Can I speak to you, please?
Ø Could I ask you a question?
Ø Do you mind I open the window?
Ø Would you mind if I opened the window?



وللاجابه sure – of course –well, I'm afraid I'm a bit busy at the moment- no, that's fine



عمل عرضMaking offers

كلا من shall و will يستخدمان فى عمل العرض
Willç تعبر عن نيه أو قرار أو عرض تم اتخاذه فى لحظه التحدث – كما سبق وشرحنا فى المستقبل

Ø Give it back or we'll call the police.
Ø Come over after work. I'll make a meal for you.


Shallç تعبر عن عرض أو اقتراح أو طلب للنصيحه.

Ø Shall I carry your bag for you? "That's very king. Thank you."
Ø Shall we go out for a meal tonight? "Mmm, I'd love to"
Ø What shall we do? We haven't got any money. "We could ask Dad."



(Expressing possibility / probability )Deduction – conclusion استنتاج




فى حاله المضارع




: Must be nبالتاكيد
تعبر عن استنتاج منطقى لموقف اى احتمال منطقى محتمل , اى اننا لا نملك كل الحقائق لذلك نحن غير متاكدين مطلقا بل متاكدين الى حد ما


Ø He is very fit, though he must be at least sixty



Ø A walk in this weather! You must be joking.


: Can't benمن المستحيل أن يكون
تعبر عن استنتاج منطقى لموقف اى احتمال منطقى غير محتمل ومتاكدين الى حد ما ايضا


Ø Is there no reply? They must be in bed. They can't be out at this time of night.



Ø Heba can't have a ten-year-old daughter! She's only twenty-five herself.


May be/ might be/couldn:تعبر عن احتماليه فى الحاضر أو المستقبل وتنفى بوضع not بعدها


Ø Take your umbrella. It might rain later.



Ø Ahmed and Kareem aren't at home. They could be in the work. I suppose.



Ø We may go to Greece for our holidays. We haven't decided yet.



Ø You know we're going out tonight? Well, I might not be able to make it. I might have to work late.


تنبيه هام : ننبه على استخدام will فهى للتعبير عن ما نعتقده ليكون حقيقه بناءً على الحاضر فنحن نخمن بناء على ما نعرفه عن شخص أو شئ روتينى أو شخصيه أو نوع ..


"There's a knock on the door" that'll be the postman. He always calls at this time.




فى حاله الماضى





n Must have + p.p: كان بالتاكيد



Ø He must have been drunk




n Can't have + p.p : لم يكن من الممكن أن



Ø She can't have got home yet.



Ø He killed Jone so he can't have attended the meeting.



Ø She could have been lying to you.




n May have + p.p



Ø He might have got lost



ثالثا: الافعال العاديه
الفعل فى اللغه الانجليزيه له ثلاث تصاريف مثل play, run, help, think
وتذكر أن افعال do- be- have من الممكن استخدامها كافعال عاديه بمعناها الاساسى




Ø I do my washing on Saturdays.
Ø She does a lot of business in Egypt.
Ø We are in class at the moment
Ø They were at home yesterday
Ø He has a lot of problems
Ø They have three children.



ويلاحظ بالنسبه للافعال أنه لا يمكن أن ياتى فعلين متتالين فهناك احدى طريقتين :


I like to swim – I like swimming.

ولكن هناك فرق بينهم فالاولى : انا احب السباحه ولكنى لا اسبح فهى امنيه , اما الجمله الثانيه فهو يحب السباحه ويمارسها ( ولكنه لا يمارس السباحه فى لحظه التحدث